conjugal

conjugal [ KON-juh'-guh'l ]
[ adjective ]

MEANING :
1. matrimonial or pertaining to marriage
2. the relationship of spouses or to husband and wife

USAGE EXAMPLE 1 :
After they exchanged conjugal vows the priest declared that they were husband and wife.

USAGE EXAMPLE 2 :
The lawsuit filed Friday claims lack of conjugal rights affected Kimondo's marriage and seeks undisclosed damages from the G-10, an umbrella group for women's activists, KBC said.

attrition

attrition [ uh'-TRISH-uh'n ]
[ noun ]

MEANING :
1. a decrease in size, numbers or strength
2. a gradual reduction in work force without firing of personnel, as when workers resign or retire and are not replaced
3. the act of abrasion or a wearing down or away by friction
4. imperfect contrition or repentance for sin motivated by fear of punishment rather than by love of God

USAGE EXAMPLE 1 :
The HR executive informed the directors at the board meeting that the rate of attrition was high because salaries paid by the company were the lowest in the industry.

USAGE EXAMPLE 2 :
Since our original announcement, the economic downturn has reduced the level of natural attrition.

reprise

reprise [ ri-PRAHYZ; ruh'-PREEZ ]
[ noun, transitive verb ]

MEANING :
1. (n.) a repetition or resumption of a theme or action
2. (n.) a recurrence or a return to the first theme
3. (n.) an annuity or annual payment
4. (tr. v.) to repeat or execute a repetition of
5. (tr. v.) to resume an action

USAGE EXAMPLE 1 :
At the end of the meeting the secretary was asked for a reprise of the main points that were discussed.

USAGE EXAMPLE 2 :
As previously reported Shane Ritchie will reprise his role as the East End lovable rogue Alfie and Jessie will return as the brash, tart with a heart, Kat Moon.

diurnal

diurnal [ DAHY-ur-nl ]
[ noun, adjective ]

MEANING :
1. (adj.) daily or pertaining to a day or 24 hour period
2. (adj.) occurring during or belonging to the day time
3. (n.) a book containing the prayers for the daily hours of prayer
2. (n.) a daily newspaper

USAGE EXAMPLE 1 :
The doctor advised him to change his job as working the night shift had caused abnormal diurnal variations in his blood pressure.

USAGE EXAMPLE 2 :
They are also diurnal, and are active through most of the day – unlike other armadillo species, which are mostly nocturnal.

clemency

clemency [ KLEM-uh'n-see ]
[ noun ]

MEANING :
1. the quality of being merciful or having the disposition to show leniency or compassion
2. the act of being merciful
3. mildness of (weather)

USAGE EXAMPLE 1 :
He pleaded guilty and begged the court for clemency.

USAGE EXAMPLE 2 :
The rights group says it now has time to pursue her appeal in court and make further clemency appeals.

centrifugal

centrifugal [ sen-TRIF-yuh'-guh'l, -uh'-guh'l ]
[ noun, adjective ]

MEANING :
1. (adj.) moving outward from the centre
2. (adj.) pertaining to or operated by force that moves outward from the centre
3. (n.) a perforated rotating drum for holding the materials to be separated in a centrifuge

USAGE EXAMPLE 1 :
The machine uses centrifugal force to extract juice from the grated fruit.

USAGE EXAMPLE 2 :
Centrifugal force moves the heavier particles to the outside wall of the channel while clean water hugs the inside.

prefatory

prefatory [ pref-uh-TWAR-ee ]
[ adjective ]

MEANING :
1. introductory or pertaining to a preface
2. characteristic of a preface

USAGE EXAMPLE 1 :
After a short prefatory announcement the CFO went on to an in depth analysis of the financial statement of the company.

USAGE EXAMPLE 2 :
Ben Jonson writes a prefatory poem to the posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's works.

embody

embody [ em-BOD-ee ]
[ transitive verb ]

MEANING :
1. to incarnate or provide with a bodily form
2. to incorporate or be part of a system
3. to represent materially
4. to embrace or be a part of

USAGE EXAMPLE 1 :
Their ideas were embodied in the belief that they would be reincarnated.

USAGE EXAMPLE 2 :
Any proposed service must embody the BBC’s core values and be communicated to all interested parties ahead of its introduction.

rarefied

rarefied [ RAIR-uh'-fahyd ]
[ adjective ]

MEANING :
1. elevated or extremely high
2. lofty
3. belonging or pertaining to an exclusive group

USAGE EXAMPLE 1 :
When dealing with the villagers, the landlord put on a rarefied attitude of royalty.

USAGE EXAMPLE 2 :
The ministers flew in to Lukla, in the Everest region where the nearest airstrip is, a day earlier to acclimatize to the rarefied atmosphere of Kala Patthar.

whit

whit [ hwit, wit ]
[ noun ]

MEANING :
1. an iota
2. the least bit

USAGE EXAMPLE 1 :
The new student was not a whit afraid of the class bully.

USAGE EXAMPLE 2 :
It doesn't matter a whit that Austrailia 'dominated'.

conglomerate

conglomerate [ n., adj. kuh'n-GLOM-er-it, kuh'ng-; v. kuh'n-GLOM-uh'-reyt, kuh'ng- ]
[ noun, adjective, intransitive verb ]

MEANING :
1. (n.) a company that consists of a grouping of businesses from unrelated industries
2. (n.) something composed of heterogeneous materials or elements
3. (adj.) clustered or comprising of parts gathered into a mass
4. (adj.) having heterogeneous parts or elements
5. (tr. v.) to form into a mass
6. (intr. v.) to cause to form into a mass

USAGE EXAMPLE 1 :
The CEO declared that their company had become a conglomerate with the successful completion of the acquisition and diversification program.

USAGE EXAMPLE 2 :
The magazine's publisher, El Tiempo Publishing Group, is owned by Spanish conglomerate Grupo Planeta, which owns a Colombian television station and is seeking a government license to operate a national network.

impropriety

impropriety [ im-pruh'-PRAHY-i-tee ]
[ noun ]

MEANING :
1. an improper act or state
2. quality of being inappropriate or unsuitable
3. an erroneous or incorrect expression
4. the use of an improper or unsuitable word, phrase or expression

USAGE EXAMPLE 1 :
The lecturer reported the impropriety of his behaviour to the principal.

USAGE EXAMPLE 2 :
Mr Blair last night denied any impropriety and insisted all his political and charitable activities were being kept completely separate.

phylum

phylum [ FAHY-luh'm ]
[ noun ]

MEANING :
1. a primary division of the plant or animal kingdom
2. a large division of genetically related families of languages or linguistic stocks
3. a group of organisms ranking above a class and below a kingdom or the second-largest division of biological classification

USAGE EXAMPLE 1 :
The biology students were asked to examine the six organisms on the table and then identify the phylum to which each specimen belonged.

USAGE EXAMPLE 2 :
The creature, first discovered in a small industrial cooling tower on the outskirts of the city, could qualify for a new ""domain"" in the tree of life - where a domain is a bigger category than a kingdom or a phylum.

convulsion

convulsion [ kuh'n-VUHL-shuh'n ]
[ noun ]

MEANING :
1. contortion of the body caused by violent, involuntary muscular contractions
2. a commotion or violent disturbance
3. a paroxysm or an uncontrollable fit of laughter

USAGE EXAMPLE 1 :
The electrician was lucky to have survived the convulsions caused by the electric shock.

USAGE EXAMPLE 2 :
It subsequently emerged that he had suffered a convulsion but had been cleared to play in the match in Paris.

aloft

aloft [ uh'-LAWFT, uh'-LOFT ]
[ adverb ]

MEANING :
1. (adv.) above the ground or high up
2. (adv.) into the air
3. (prep.) at the top of

USAGE EXAMPLE 1 :
They placed the television antenna aloft the roof to get a better reception.

USAGE EXAMPLE 2 :
It's Budget day on Wednesday, when Alistair Darling will hold aloft the Chancellor's famous battered briefcase.

leash

leash [ leesh ]
[ noun, transitive verb ]

MEANING :
1. (n.) strap attached to the collar or harness of an animal
2. (n.) a restraint or control
3. (n.) a threesome or a group of three
4. (tr. v.) to restrain or control
5. (tr. v.) to connect, associate or bind together

USAGE EXAMPLE 1 :
When walking the dog in the park, he always kept it on a short leash.

USAGE EXAMPLE 2 :
The pit bull terrier was not on a leash at the time of the attack.

welt

welt [ welt ]
[ noun, intransitive verb, transitive verb ]

MEANING :
1. (n.) a ridge on the skin caused by whip or cane
2. (n.) a strip of leather stitched into a shoe between the upper and the sole
3. (n.) a blow or lash which produces a ridge on the body
4. (tr. v.) to flog or beat soundly
5. (tr. v.) to reinforce with a welt
6. (intr. v.) to be marked with welts

USAGE EXAMPLE 1 :
The jockey was fined for indiscriminately whipping his horse during the race thereby causing welts on its flanks.

USAGE EXAMPLE 2 :
Some will bear the scars, in the form of welts shaped like the drain, on their bodies forever.

codicil

codicil [ KOD-uh'-suh'l ]
[ noun ]

MEANING :
1. a supplement containing an addition, explanation or modification to a will
2. any supplement or appendix
3. a legal change made in a will

USAGE EXAMPLE 1 :
The billionaire had a codicil drawn up disowning his son-in-law and specifying the amount originally set aside for him to be given to charity instead.

USAGE EXAMPLE 2 :
Meanwhile, I'm drawing up a codicil to my will that states my older son gets the gold sequined pheasant, and my younger the silver owl.

laud

laud [ lawd ]
[ noun, transitive verb ]

MEANING :
1. (tr. v.) to extol or sing one's praise
2. (tr. v.) to honour or glorify
3. (n.) a song of praise
5. (n.) praise

USAGE EXAMPLE 1 :
People lauded the good work done by volunteers in the tsunami hit area.

USAGE EXAMPLE 2 :
Indian newspapers and analysts lauded Mr Singh's performance in parliament.

fancier

fancier [ FAN-see-er ]
[ noun, adjective ]

MEANING :
1. (n.) an enthusiast or a person having a liking for something
2. (n.) a person who breeds animals or plants in order to improve their strain
3. (adj.) a greater degree of fancy

USAGE EXAMPLE 1 :
He was a horse fancier and had the largest stud farm in the country.

USAGE EXAMPLE 2 :
The National Homing Union for pigeon fanciers held its first AGM in 1897.

SEMINAR - SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION (SCADA) SYSTEMS-APPLICATION AND SECURITY

ABSTRACT

SCADA is an acronym for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment in industries such as telecommunications, water and waste control, energy, oil and gas refining and transportation. These systems encompass the transfer of data between a SCADA central host computer and a number of Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) and/or Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), and the central host and the operator terminals. A SCADA system gathers information (such as where a leak on a pipeline has occurred), transfers the information back to a central site, then alerts the home station that a leak has occurred, carrying out necessary analysis and control, such as determining if the leak is critical, and displaying the information in a logical and organized fashion. These systems can be relatively simple, such as one that monitors environmental conditions of a small office building, or very complex, such as a system that monitors all the activity in a nuclear power plant or the activity of a municipal water system. Traditionally, SCADA systems have made use of the Public Switched Network (PSN) for monitoring purposes. Today many systems are monitored using the infrastructure of the corporate Local Area Network (LAN)/Wide Area Network (WAN). Wireless technologies are now being widely deployed for purposes of monitoring.

A typical SCADA application requires several low cost distributed RTUs, controlled by a central station/master. Common applications for SCADA systems typically include water and waste treatment, electrical power generation, transmission and distribution, wind power energy, oil and gas industries ,train traction system etc.

SCADA is facing some security threat which belonging to different classes i.e. environmental threat, electronic threat, physical security, communication and information network attacks, software damage etc.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER-1 SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION

1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………1

1.2 Components of SCADA………………………………………...……..3

1.3.Advantages and Disadvantages………………………………………...8

CHAPTER-2 SCADA in Electrical System

2.1 Introduction.............................................................................................9

2.2 SCADA for Hydro Power Plants………..……………………………...11

2.3 SCADA for Thermal Power Plants….……………………..…………....12

CHAPTER-3 Application of SCADA for Oil and Gas Industries

3.1 HPCL Vizag-Secunderabad Multi Product pipeline……………..…..........14

3.2 BP Teeside to Saltend Ethylene Pipeline (TSEP)……………….…….......16

3.3 Crude Oil Storage and Loading Terminal for QGPC Qatar……….............18

CHAPTER -4 Miscellaneous Applications

4.1 SCADA System for Fore Street Underpass UK.……………………….20

4.2 WIND POWER SCADA SYSTEMS.…………………………………21

4.3 SCADA System for Filling System ………………………………...…....22

CHAPTER-5 Security Consideration

5.1 Environmental threats ………………………………………….……....25

5.2 Electronic threats …………………………….…………………….…..26

5.3 Physical security …………………………………………………...…..30

5.4 Communication and information networks ………………………..….....31

5.5 Software management and documentation ………………………...…....32

BIBLIOGRAPHY……...…...…………………………………………………34



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